Philippines 1850-1990

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The Philippine islands first came to the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Magellan landed on the island of Cebu, claiming the lands for Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro. He set up friendly relations with some of the local chieftains and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism. However, Magellan was killed by natives, led by a local chief named Lapu-Lapu, who go up against foreign domination.

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Over the next several decades, other Spanish expeditions were sent off to the islands. In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte. The name would later be given to the entire archipelago.

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Spanish invasion and settlement
The invasion of the Filipinos by Spain did not begin in earnest until 1564, when another expedition from New Spain, commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived. Permanent Spanish settlement was not established until 1565 when an expedition led by Miguel López de Legazpi, the first Governor-General of the Philippines, arrived in Cebu from New Spain. Spanish leadership was soon established over many small independent communities that previously had known no central rule. Six years later, following the defeat of the local Muslim ruler, Legazpi established a capital at Manila, a location that offered the outstanding harbor of Manila Bay, a large population, and closeness to the sufficient food supplies of the central Luzon rice lands. Manila became the center of Spanish civil, military, religious, and commercial activity in the islands. By 1571, when López de Legazpi established the Spanish city of Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conquered the year before, the Spanish grip in the Philippines was secure, which became their outpost in the East Indies, in spite of the opposition of the Portuguese, who desired to maintain their monopoly on East Asian trade. The Philippines was administered as a province of New Spain (Mexico) until Mexican independence (1821).

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Spanish rule on the Philippines was briefly interrupted in 1762, when British troops invaded and occupied the islands as a result of Spain's entry into the Seven Years' War. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 brought back Spanish rule and the British left in 1764. The brief British occupation weakened Spain's grip on power and sparked rebellions and demands for independence.

In 1781, Governor-General José Basco y Vargas founded the Economic Society of Friends of the Country. The Philippines by this time was administered directly from Spain. Developments in and out of the country helped to bring new ideas to the Philippines. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel time to Spain. This prompted the rise of the ilustrados, an enlightened Filipino upper class, since many young Filipinos were able to study in Europe.

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Move toward independence
Enlightened by the Propaganda Movement to the injustices of the Spanish colonial government and the "frailocracy", the ilustrados originally clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and later for independence. The term, “Ilustrados” refers to the educated, well-travelled Filipinos from the enlightened elite class during the Spanish era. José Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual and essential ilustrado of the era, wrote the novels “Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo,” which greatly inspired the movement for independence. The Katipunan, a secret society whose primary principle was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines, was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its Supremo (leader).

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The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal was concerned in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896. The Katipunan split into two groups, Magdiwang led by Andrés Bonifacio and Magdalo led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

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Conflict between the two revolutionary leaders ended in the execution or assassination of Bonifacio by Aguinaldo's soldiers. Aguinaldo agreed to a treaty with the Pact of Biak na Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong.

The beginning of the revolution and the Spanish-American War
It was the opposition to the power of the clergy that in large measure brought about the rising attitude for independence. Spanish injustices prejudice, and economic oppressions fed the movement, which was greatly inspired by the brilliant writings of José Rizal. In 1896 revolution began in the province of Cavite, and after the execution of Rizal that December, it spread throughout the major islands. The Filipino leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, achieved considerable success before a peace was patched up with Spain. However, the peace was short-lived because neither side honored its agreements and a new revolution was made when the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898.

The Spanish-American war started in 1898 after the USS Maine, sent to Cuba in connection with an attempt to arrange a peaceful resolution between Cuban independence ambitions and Spanish colonialism was sunk in Havana harbor. After the U.S. naval victory led by Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines, which he did on May 19, 1898, in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. By the time U.S. land forces had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon, except for the walled city of Intramuros Manila, which they were besieging. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite, establishing the First Philippine Republic under Asia's first democratic constitution. Their dreams of independence were crushed when the Philippines were transferred from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898), which closed the Spanish-American War.

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Concurrently, a German squadron under Admiral Diedrichs arrived in Manila and declared that if the United States did not grab the Philippines as a colonial possession, Germany would. Since Spain and the U.S. ignored the Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, during their negotiations in the Treaty of Paris, the Battle of Manila between Spain and the U.S. was alleged by some to be an attempt to exclude the Filipinos from the eventual occupation of Manila. Although there was substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided neither to return the Philippines to Spain, nor to allow Germany to take over the Philippines. Therefore, in addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the negotiations to hand over the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US$20,000,000.00, which the U.S. later claimed to be a "gift" from Spain. The first Philippine Republic rebelled against the U.S. occupation, resulting in the Philippine-American War (1899–1913).

=First Philippine Independence (Spanish American War)= Spain's rule in the Philippines came to an end as a result of United States involvement with Spain's other major colony, Cuba. American business interests were anxious for a resolution--with or without Spain--of the insurrection that had broken out in Cuba in February 1895. Moreover, public opinion in the United States had been aroused by newspaper accounts of the brutalities of Spanish rule. When the United States declared war on Spain on April 25, 1898, acting Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey, commander of the Asiatic Squadron, to sail to the Philippines and destroy the Spanish fleet anchored in Manila Bay.

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Katipunan
Katipunan-as a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, which aimed primarily to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan. Initially, Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution.

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US battle of manila bay
The Spanish-speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the liberal ideas coming from Europe. Among these Ilustrados was the Filipino national hero José Rizal, who demanded larger reforms from the Spanish authorities. This movement eventually led to the Philippine Revolution, which the United States later backed. The first battle between American and Spanish forces was at Manila Bay where, on May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey, commanding the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron aboard USS Olympia, in a matter of hours defeated a Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo. Dewey managed this with only nine wounded

Here is a 5 part documentary on the Spanish American War. The first video is the one that pertains most to what is above. They are all interesting and if you like history a lot, they will be perfect for you! y1f_1TF3rA8

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=Aguinaldo=
 * Aguinaldo proclaims a dictatorial government and issues two decrees which show his trust and reliance in US protection.
 * Declaration of Independence
 * Aguinaldo was dictator. It was under this dictatorship that independence was finally proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Aguinaldo's house in Kawit, Cavite. The first Filipino flag was unfurled and the national anthem was played for the first time.
 * This marked the full time independence from the Spanish

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=Philippines-American War= On 4 February 1899, general hostilities began between Filipino and American forces began when an American sentry patrolling near the border between the Filipino and American lines shot a Filipino soldier, after which Filipino forces returned fire, thus igniting a second battle for the city. Aguinaldo sent a ranking member of his staff to Ellwell Otis, the U.S. military commander, with the message that the firing had been against his orders. According to Aguinaldo, Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end."[72] The Philippines declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899, with Pedro Paterno, President of Congress, issuing a Proclamation of War.[5] The Philippine–American War ensued between 1899, and 1902. The war officially ended in 1902 with the Philippine leaders accepting, for the most part, that the Americans had won, but not until over one million Filipinos had died in the American part of the conflict and occupation (200,000 men, women and children during the war itself), over 20% of the Filipino population had been killed, and in many cases exterminated.

Muslim Resistance Fighters
o	Muslim resistance fighters-American atrocities during the war and subsequent occupation included an episode on the island of Palawan in 1911, the commanding colonel noticed that Muslims go to great lengths to give a wide berth to avoid dogs – even small ones. This odd phenomenon, though he had seen frequently, never struck the colonel to investigate before. This time though, he made inquiries, and was informed that Muslims are not allowed to touch dogs. (The Hadith, details the reasons for this. Prophet Muhammad did not realize where the horrible stinking smell was coming from, until three days later, he saw his dead puppy dog decomposing under his bedstead. The Prophet decreed dogs were "Najis"(unclean), and from then on, Muslims are not allowed to touch dogs, especially its saliva around the mouth). The colonel then immediately ordered for as many dogs as he could get. As soon as 37 dogs were delivered, he sent his men armed with dogs into the local Muslims’ houses (bedrooms, kitchen, and all) in a ‘house to house’ search supposedly for Muslim resistance fighters. This type of ‘house to house’ searches terrified the local Muslim

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American Atrocities
o	American Atrocities-Soon after, an American General, John L. Hansen Jr. who was in charge of the larger southern Philippine Island of Mindanao was amused to know of the Palawan episode and had seven captured Muslim prisoners dig their own graves. The eighth prisoner was handcuffed and made to watch the American execution process. The seven prisoners were then tied to seven posts, but without blindfolds, so that they too could see the proceedings of their own execution. In Muslim belief if a pig contaminated their bodies, they would go direct to the fires of hell permanently. The soldiers then slaughtered a live pig in front of them. The prisoners’ clothes and body were smeared with the pig's blood and fat. The pig was cut into seven portions and placed in each grave. At sundown, the prisoners were shot and their bodies were placed in each grave, together with the chunk of pork. The eighth prisoner was ordered to fill up the seven graves and subsequently set free.

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=The Tydings-McDuffie Law a.k.a. the Philippine Independence Law=

The Tydings-McDuffie Law a.k.a. the Philippine Independence Law- The Tydings–McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act; Public Law 73-127) approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence (from the United States) after a period of twelve years. It was authored by Maryland Senator Millard E. Tydings and Alabama Representative John McDuffie. In 1934, Philippine politician Manuel L. Quezon headed a "Philippine Independence mission" to Washington, DC that successfully secured the act's passage in Congress. The Tydings–McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. Furthermore, during this period the American President was granted the power to call into military service all military forces of the Philippine government. The act permitted the maintenance of US naval bases, within this region, for two years after independence.

=Japanese Occupation of Manila begins= Japanese occupation of manila begins- The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was the period in the history of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied the previously Philippines during World War II. The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Like in Pearl Harbor, the American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to on December 12, 1941. General Douglas MacArthur escaped Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving and sick American and Filipino defenders on Bataan surrendered on April 9, 1942, and were forced to endure the infamous Bataan Death March on which 7-10,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on May 6.

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Eventual Independence
The occupation of the Philippines by Japan ended at the end of the war. The American army had been fighting the so-called Philippines Campaign since October 1944, when it started with MacArthur's Sixth United States Army landing on Leyte. Landings in other parts of the country had followed, and the Allies with the Philippine Commonwealth troops pushed toward Manila. However, fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on 2 September 1945. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large portion during the final months of the war, and Manila was extensively damaged

=Post-Occupation: The Republic of the Philippines=

1946-1964
On July 4, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines gained independence from the United States, and named Manuel Roxas as the first president. In 1947, the Philippines and the United States signed a military assistance pact, wherein the Philippines granted the United States a 99-year lease on designated military, naval, and air bases. This agreement was later reduced to 25 years, beginning in 1967.Vice President Elpidio Quirino ascended to president after the sudden death of President Roxas in April 1948. In November 1949, Quirino won the election against José Laurel for four-year term.

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In central Luzon, Communist Hukbalahap guerrillas resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to achieve land reform and gain political power. Then minister of National Defense, Ramón Magsaysay, launched a counterattack against the guerrillas, which lasted until 1954 when peace was brought to the region. By that end of the violence he was president, having been elected in 1953. He made sweeping changes in land reform by opening new settlements on neighboring islands to Luzon, which experienced vast overcrowding. In 1954 the Philippines joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, along with other Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand to combat further influence and power of communism. In 1957, the Philippines suffered a national tragedy when Magsaysay tragically died in a plane crash. He was followed by Vice President Carlos P. García.

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Garcia attempted to gain spread nationalistic pride throughout the Philippines, with his “Filipino First” program, which put precedent on Filipino investors and businessmen over foreign investors, such as the United States. He was also the president who later reduced the lease of American military bases from 99 to 25 years, in an attempt to undermine the influence of the United States. However is anti-American stance and financial corruption led to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties in 1959. The Liberal party leader, Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, succeeded García as president after the 1961 elections. His administration was noted for their efforts to control the enormous inflation that the Philippines had acquired since its independence in 1946.

=Marcos Regime= Ferdinand E. Marcos, was elected president in 1965. In his first State of the Nation Address Marcos revealed his plans for economic development and an updated infrastructure. He immediately ordered the construction of roads, bridges and public works, which included 16,000 kilometers of roads, 30,000 meters of permanent bridges, a generators with an electric power capacity of one million kilowatts (1,000,000 kW), and water services to 8 regions and 38 localities. However, the Philippines were still suffering from major inflation rates and economic instability. The budget deficit in 1966 was up to 2 PHP (Philippine Peso) million per day. Macros ordered large loans to be taken out to cover the deficit, as well as finance his new infrastructure projects. Large loans were again taken out for the election year in 1969. By the end of 1969, government loans doubled government debts since 1965, forcing the Philippines to seek new loans from the International Monetary Fund. In February 1970 the PHP exchange rate was increased to PHP 6.4 against USD1 by December 1970. Higher exchange rates resulted in higher prices for imported products and additional inflation.

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Communist Threat
The infrastructure reforms proved very popular throughout the Philippines and Marcos was elected to a second term in 1969. However, the emergence of the Communist movement threatened Marcos’ power. In 1969, he was forced to subdue another Huk uprising, who again were protesting lack of land reforms by the president. In January of 1970, approximately 50,000 students and laborers rallied and demonstrated outside the Malacañang Palace, the president’s house, in Manila. The demonstrations eventually led to a riot in which the crowd stormed the palace through a gate that had been destroyed buy a student high-jacked fire truck. The medical building was burned and 4 students were killed when police broke up the riot and forced it back across the city in what is known as the First Quarter Storm.

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The communist threat came to a head in 1971 when hand grenades were thrown at the speakers’ platform during the Liberal Party convention, killing several people. President Marcos declared martial law in September 1972 in order to squash political and social turmoil throughout the country, and launched a new offensive against communist military groups. By 1973 approximately 3,000 people had been killed suspected of communist sentiments and hundreds of villages burned.

Martial Law and the New Society
Marcos’ declaration of martial law limited press freedom and other civil liberties, closed Congress, as well as media establishments, and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists. This included politicians in congress whom Marcos felt threatened by. A constitutional convention, called for in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution, integrated the declaration of martial law into its proceedings and creation of a new constitution. The new constitution went into effect at the beginning of 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973.

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Marcos’ implementation of martial law helped usher in his “New Society”, based upon new political and social changes that opposed communist threat. He urged the upper and lower classes to work as one for the common goals of society. Under Marcos’ “New Society”, economy the Gross National Product rose from PHP 55 billion in 1972 to PHP 193 billion in 1980. The rise of tourism rose also contributed to the economy's growth.

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Initial support for martial law spread throughout the country due to the economic growth of the Philippines and the cease in turmoil that had surged throughout the country for years. However, the loss of civil liberties and corruption of Marcos’ regime stirred national resentment. Marcos developed a personality cult, requiring businesses and schools to have his official presidential picture displayed or their facilities shut down. In addition, Marcos's propaganda messages were placed all across the Philippines, many of them taking the place of billboard advertisements. Marcos’ friends and business associates were given businesses confiscated by the state, also allowing Marcos to embezzle millions of dollars of PHP. Marcos’ zero tolerance policy of political dissenters led to many activists and opposing politicians to flee the country. Those who were captured were either jailed, tortured, or killed.

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In 1981, Marcos lifted martial law, after gaining successfully gaining political and social control of the country. In June, the first presidential election in twelve years was held and Marcos was elected to his third term as president. However, the major opposition parties, the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO), a coalition of opposition parties boycotted the elections, claiming electoral fraud, which later a delegation of United States politicians agreed. On August 21, 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino was assassinated at Manila airport, which incited a new, more powerful wave of anti-Marcos dissent.

This segment talks about the assassination of Aquino.

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In 1986, Marcos ran against Corazon Aquino, widow of assassinated politican Benigno Aquino, and a mounting opposition from the Filipino population. Both declared themselves winners of the election, however, Marcos was again suspected of massive fraud and violence during the election. National and international support eroded for Marcos, and he fled the country on February 25, 1986, eventually obtaining asylum in the United States in the state of Hawaii, where he died in 1989.

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Corazon Aquino (1986-1991)
Corazon Aquino was also the first popularly and democratically-elected female president or head of state in Asia. She abolished the 1973 Constitution that was in force during martial law, and instead created the provisional 1986 Freedom Constitution, pending the ratification of a new Constitution by the people. This allowed Aquino to exercise both executive and legislative powers until the establishment of a new Congress in 1987. In 1987, she issued Administrative Code of 1987, which reorganized the executive branch of the government, dismantling thesystem which had kept Marcos as president. Under Aquino's presidency, progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and civil liberties. Also, she enacted the 1991 Local Government Code, which split national government powers to local government units. This allowed for local governments to enact local taxation measures and to promise them a share in the national revenue. In 1992 she stepped down as president amid vast popularity. She died in 2009

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photos
all photos were gathered by using the google search engine.

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http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/2864079/Hulton-Archive

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scholarly sources
Woodman, Grant K. "THE PROBLEM OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE AND JAPAN: THE FIRST THREE DECADES OF AMERICAN COLONIAL RULE." Southeast Asia: An International Quarterly 1.3 (1971): 165-190. Historical Abstracts. EBSCO. Web. 28 Sept. 2010.

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